Returns on cash may be lower than you think
July 27, 2023
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4 min read
Why would I buy a 10-year Treasury at 3.75% when I can get 5% (or more) in cash? Given the inverted yield curve and the fairly attractive risk-free return one can seemingly lock in, many investors have happily collected their returns on cash and eschewed moving out in duration. But this may not be the best strategy right now.
We’ve talked about how a fixed income portfolio predominantly invested in money market funds and/or short duration Treasuries is a bet on stagflation – a bet that rates and spreads will both rise, as this is the only scenario where a portfolio like that is positioned to outperform. But some have suggested that the yield curve is so inverted and the cushion of 1% (or more) is enough not to worry about slightly underperforming in a minor falling rates scenario. There are a couple of problems with this narrative, and the difference in future expected returns between cash and duration-sensitive fixed income may be lower than you think.
Fine print and future rates
First, you need to stay invested for an entire year to earn the headline T-bill yield, and the interest rate environment needs to remain exactly the same. A shorter-duration bond is going to subject you to reinvestment risk when it matures. A 6-month CD yielding 5% is really only going to return 2.5% – and leave you with another decision to make six months from now.
Second, the expectation is for short rates to fall over the next couple of years as the Federal Reserve either cuts because (a) inflation has moderated and there’s no reason to maintain restrictive policy, or (b) because we’re in a mild recession. This is essentially why the yield curve is inverted – because the expected path of cash is downward sloping. What’s not known is the exact pace of that declining return outlook for cash.
To crystallize this point, we’ve seen plenty of distortions around short-term cash returns and long-term cash returns. In early 2022, 1-month T-bills yielded 0%, while the market expected that policy rate increases would occur at some point over the next several years, equating to a 5-year cash return expectation of 1.5%–2.0% (quite the undershoot in retrospect). At the other extreme, at the end of May 2023, 1-month T-bill yields briefly eclipsed 6% as expectations for a June rate hike (which never materialized) combined with concerns around 11th hour US debt ceiling negotiations potentially driving the US to a first-ever default (which never materialized). T-bill yields quickly fell almost 1% during the first two weeks of June as these risk premiums were unwound.
Term premium
So what is the baseline expected return from staying in cash? An important and sometimes less talked about component of Treasury yields is the term premium, or the additional yield that investors receive for holding interest rate risk. Strip out the term premium from current yields across the curve and you get a sense of the market’s expectation for the future path of cash. Looking at the average of the methodologies used by the Federal Reserve Banks of New York and San Francisco, the expected return from cash over the next five years is 4.50%. Certainly nothing to sneeze at considering how many years the expected return was close to 1%. But not 5%+ either.
